SS-31
C$189.99
For Research Pupose Only
S-31 Peptide Overview
SS-31 (Szeto-Schiller-31), or MTP-131, is a tetrapeptide with applications in addressing mitochondrial dysfunction. It holds a cationic 3+ charge at physiological pH, efficiently crosses cell membranes and may traverse the blood-brain barrier. Its high affinity for cardiolipin in the inner mitochondrial membrane reduces oxidative damage, supports electron transport, and enhances ATP production, minimizing reactive oxygen species leakage and optimizing mitochondrial function.
Quantity
Molecular Makeup
Chemical Properties
- Molecular Formula: C32H49N9O5
- Molecular Weight: 639.8 g/mol
- Sequence: D-Arg-dimethylTyr-Lys-Phe-NH2
Research Insights
Key Benefits
- Oxidative Stress: Studies in diabetic murine models revealed that SS-31 improves retinal structure, reduces oxidative stress markers, and strengthens the inner blood-retinal barrier integrity, protecting against retinopathy-associated damage.
- Aging: In aged murine hearts, SS-31 reverses age-related protein oxidation and restores mitochondrial function, mitigating cellular aging effects.
- Mitochondrial Dysfunction: SS-31 counteracts sarcopenia by boosting ATP production, improving redox homeostasis, and enhancing skeletal muscle mass and fatigue resistance in aged murine models.
europrotection
- Enhances mitochondrial function: Reduces reactive oxygen species (ROS) and malondialdehyde (MDA), rejuvenates superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity, and prevents cytochrome C release.
- Protects neurons: Mitigates neuronal injury, DNA damage, apoptosis, and neurological impairments.
Metabolic Conditions
- Counteracts oxidative stress: Lowers ROS levels and reduces markers of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress in type 2 diabetes (T2D) models.
- Improves autophagy balance: Restores p62 protein levels while reducing Beclin1 and LC3 expressions.
- Regulates leukocyte-endothelium interactions: Reduces adhesion and promotes rolling velocity in T2D models.
Kidney Function
- Protects mitochondrial cristae: Prevents ATP depletion and mitochondrial swelling post-ischemia.
- Enhances recovery: Accelerates ATP restoration, suppresses apoptosis, and fortifies tubular function to alleviate renal dysfunction.
Cachexia
- Preserves muscle metabolism: Mitigates body wasting, prevents glycolytic myofiber degradation, and enhances ATP concentrations.
- Modulates autophagy: Thwarts mitochondrial loss and aberrant autophagy/mitophagy in cachexia models.
Tendinopathies
- Restores mitochondrial potential: Reverses depolarization and morphological deficits in degenerative tenocytes.
- Promotes functionality: Improves SOD activity and downregulates genes linked to matrix remodeling and apoptosis.
SS-31 showcases potential across diverse conditions by targeting mitochondrial dysfunction and enhancing cellular resilience.
Reference
Whitson, J. A., Martín-Pérez, M., Zhang, T., Gaffrey, M. J., Merrihew, G. E., Huang, E., White, C. C., Kavanagh, T. J., Qian, W. J., Campbell, M. D., MacCoss, M. J., Marcinek, D. J., Villén, J., & Rabinovitch, P. S. (2021). Elamipretide (SS-31) treatment attenuates age-associated post-translational modifications of heart proteins. GeroScience, 43(5), 2395–2412. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11357-021-00447-6
Campbell, M. D., Duan, J., Samuelson, A. T., Gaffrey, M. J., Merrihew, G. E., Egertson, J. D., Wang, L., Bammler, T. K., Moore, R. J., White, C. C., Kavanagh, T. J., Voss, J. G., Szeto, H. H., Rabinovitch, P. S., MacCoss, M. J., Qian, W. J., & Marcinek, D. J. (2019). Improving mitochondrial function with SS-31 reverses age-related redox stress and improves exercise tolerance in aged mice. Free radical biology & medicine, 134, 268–281. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2018.12.031
Zhu, Y., Wang, H., Fang, J., Dai, W., Zhou, J., Wang, X., & Zhou, M. (2018). SS-31 Provides Neuroprotection by Reversing Mitochondrial Dysfunction after Traumatic Brain Injury. Oxidative medicine and cellular longevity, 2018, 4783602. https://doi.org/10.1155/2018/4783602
Escribano-López, I., de Marañon, A. M., Iannantuoni, F., López-Domènech, S., Abad-Jiménez, Z., Díaz, P., Solá, E., Apostolova, N., Rocha, M., & Víctor, V. M. (2019). The Mitochondrial Antioxidant SS-31 Modulates Oxidative Stress, Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress, and Autophagy in Type 2 Diabetes. Journal of clinical medicine, 8(9), 1322. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm8091322